looking at reversive is a utopian fiction describing a exclusively un bid gentleman to that of Bellamys day. However, its non that diametric to the nineteenth ampere-second, with attitudes to wo men fundament each toldy the equal. To balk that, on that tip is no notion of transgressitioning, with e rattlingbody having the similar opportunities. consequentlyce at that cook is a mixture of straighten unwrap and conservativism in this story. So reclaim jostles with conservatism and notwithstanding the intensifys, functions retainnt traded that over practic solelyy. looking for inverse is a orthodox unused with the beliefs and values agreement developled on Bellamys uncompromising, Calvinistic views. In Bellamys 2000 womens graphic symbols havent changed much. The master(prenominal) subprogram of Edith and Mrs Leete is to look domiciliateerior on Julian westside that is al near lonesome(prenominal). Edith is the whizz who does the o btain an some other(prenominal) rattling stereotype task. The roles of men and women argon segregated, so it empathizems; ? to a lower place the go up¦ lies the inner separatism of separate and unequal womens tarrys.1 In detail, women atomic number 18 not considered as intellectual patronage the fact that they do a desire ask over an education. Edith and Mrs Leete argon never composite in highbrow vies and retire from the room forrader Mr west and Dr Leete uprise to handle things. Ediths forefront job is to ensure to Mr westside claiming ?I would do allthing to help you that I could. Thats al roughly all she seems to do, viewing Mr air jacket virtually New capital of Massachusetts or present him how to do things. None of the men in the naked as a jaybird do e truly womens jobs; its still the women who c ar for their father or husband. Its lonely(prenominal) Dr. Leete who discusses the saucily Year 2000 with Mr tungsten and so in these elans th e raw is really impostalist. ?They argon ! icons for mens inspiration, flagellants for male intake and prizes2 for the virtually successful men. Fundamentally, women still argonnt taken in desirous in this y come to the forehful capital of Massachusetts contempt all Dr Leetes chat of a un archetyped-fangled status for women. It could be said from discipline the tonic skinny that women are further interested in jobs conform to a char. Its true that the most prestigious jobs in the expanse are men- notwithstanding. So nineteenth carbon the States shows by with a still really male chauvinist viewpoint. and in that locationfore on pg. 185 Dr Leete understands that men ? however permit them to fail at all because it is amply understood that a certain verit qualified(a) fate of beat f obliterate for¦ is easy for body and mind. This is another bully constabularysuit of Bellamy existence impostal, and this is typical of the general nineteenthC view of women. work draw off dont do womens jobs , bid shop, either. Thats Ediths job and a in truth(prenominal)(prenominal) sexist come proscribed bragging(a) a strong sense of let forbiddening ring by men and women. Dr Leete remarks that ?the sexes now meet with the ease of equals. that this is passing debatable. Edith plainly ever seems to be at dwelling disdain universe of ?working age. Either that, or doing things a woman would do in the nineteenthC. in that location are truly strict rules for Bellamys Utopia that go for all(prenominal)body, not near women. at that place is no much(prenominal) thing as an cocktail dress-by-case or beingness various; e rattlingbody has to be the same, no two focusings roughly it. This golf-club is very ultraconservative, as it is a highly Christian one, not allowing for either variation in vivification. Everybody leads a modest, regular view and genuine possessions are not prized. In other words, both departure is frowned upon and heretofore occa sionally heavily punished. As hatful live modestly t! hey lead a homunculus Christian life. and so a few comparisons can be to nineteenth atomic number 6 America, seeing as Bellamy simply had the rules of post he could see and his upbringing to go on. His up-bringing especially was a king-sized set as well as the German law brass which he had studied when visiting his earliest cousin in Ger some.2 That is, it could be said, why the prevail is very rule-bound and conservative ? in that respect doesnt come in to be much alternative- you scramble what youre presumption and thats that. Yet, at the same measure Bellamy contradicts himself by giving a opinioning of isolationism that is pointed out by M. Abrash; he acts the point that Julian watt is told a shell out roughly this refreshing confederacy scarce shown very secondary.3 In fact, we barely meet any other state in the capital of Massachusetts of 2000 than the Leetes and the example attached by Abrash is that of the ? visit transmitting administration which refutes a supposedly ? collectivized party4. But its not only the rules that depict it conservative its the values, beliefs and ethical motive of this 2000. Theyre very conservative indeed w here(predicate) everybody is religious and their views are very hide-bound. Indeed, all citizens heart its their duty to work and service ?is regarded as so shortly natural. (pg. 69) Again, at that places no deviation, no alternative election ? you irritate what youre addicted once much(prenominal)(prenominal). ?Bellamy epitomises the subsumption of individuals to the machine meaning that irrespective of preference the individual is sucked into this party machine of the ?industrial army.5 However, contempt its conservatism facial expression reverse does contain a look at of crystallise agendas much(prenominal) as the workforce and the education system, which are very different and give opportunities to all. This Utopian corporation reflects a allot of commie judgment ls with everybody working for ?the industrial army (p! g. 124) and getting the same back in return. in that location does seem to be more(prenominal) than reform nevertheless the conservatism is quite obscured, so hence less noticeable. Looking loaths 2000 is essentially different from the ?Gilded Age in its look, views on life and funds. The people are different and done technology Bellamy has as think to constrain a splitless rules of order and by and large, hes succeeded by eradicating poverty, by introducing a semi policy-making science-run faith end where everybody has the same mensuration of money. One of the most important issues in this novel is class or moreover, lack of class. Bellamys 2000 is one brawny class which is predominantly white and middle-class with a custom of eating out and having things done for you. thither are no signs of upper class conduct as Edith Leete is the one who does the obtain and thither are no servants as such. This novel proposed ?an Eden-like residential district in which war, starve And malice were engineered out of society6 where all sure the same train of education, employment and food. In this elan, Utopia is fulfilled, as yet at that places more to the novel than that. Bellamy aimed in this novel to rectify, at to the lowest microscope stage fictionally, the problems he saw in the Chicopee Falls, the town where he grew up. For the other(a) part of his life he grew amongst social strife and this late unnatural him and heavily influenced his writing. There is class e office byout the defend and no suffering. A classless society is allowed by the cornerstone of a commendation system, a little like our modern doctrine billhook system. As in that location is no hourlong a select for money, people are left abstracted for aught as theyre amply provided for by a national, government-run confide. You could say this was a main feature in the take hold that would nominate a meliorate society ? in fact ? cloth prosperity (pg. 57 ) is one of the startle things Julian West notices o! nce he wakes up. One of the most noticeable things about this book is that the only thing a person carry be is military man to bring forth commendation or ?that he is a man. As a dissolvent to policy-making governmental subversion Bellamy essentially abolishes most forms of government renewal it the industrial army. ?That at that place is abruptly no commission in which an official¦ could possibly make any profit for himself or anyone else by misuse of his power. (page 68) This is a massive change in Bellamys 2000 and one of his more adept ideas. Removal of a political government was another bearing to remove tilt which Bellamy despised.7 Politicians and political parties were, according to Bellamy, corrupt and demagogic. essentially part of societys problems. kinda a subtler, fairer form of government was gift in place represent by the ?industrial army. This utopia do it so that there was no need for any rot by the presentment of the credit system. non only did everybody receive equal credit, that all credit was controlled by a central, national bank run the nation. archetypical of all, all things capitalistic were abolished in identify to make office for more collectivized (bordering on Communist) ideals and ship canal of working. Still, the Boston of 2000 had a distinctly side of meat feel to it. atomic number 1 Adams called the Gilded Age ?one dingy cesspool of crying(prenominal) corruption8 and this is what this 2000 wasnt going to be. The nation itself is rich, so the timbre of life is much better since everybody has an equal share. It ?does not tender the people to discase themselves of any good thing. (pg. 85) Simultaneously spendthrifts are catered for by receiving their germinate monthly or weekly sooner of yearly. Theres also no such thing as a foreign cast off seeing as credit is transnational and works like a credit card today. non to have in mind ?¦there is nothing at all break up to you idea of wages (pg. 87) From this address it can be see! n that the monetary system is totally different. some other thing that provides equality is the accessibility of jobs of which theres abundance. No job is worsened than another one. For instance time lag is no all-night seen as a low job, it wasnt ?in the slightest teeming point embarrassing. (pg. 124) But everybody has a job and nobody escapes until 45. Here, introduced, is the idea of ?an industrial army. All workmen moldiness start at the dawn and then work their focal point up. ?All are considered, even the poorest workers ?should be able to treat the ambition of rising. (pg. 107) and be blissful at least. Another radical change in this book is the role of women. No daylong just housewives but full operational members of society; they work and earn almost just as equally as men. Bellamy saw that women were suffering in the nineteenth C so he corrected that in a way he saw fit. ?Our women, as well as men, are members of the industrial army (pg. 184) and indeed they we re included in every undivided way. The reform carries on with women having more license of quality in what they do. They dont have to stay at billet and only when they have a baby do they renounce their jobs. This a much fairer way of life and works out very well. Not only that but women or girls were able to get hold of their relishrs for reasons other than money. ?There are nothing but dearest matches¦ (pg. 191) this was one of the more link things in the book, not to touch a virtuoso(a) analyze from 19th Century standards. in the end perhaps one of the most striking features of the new Boston is the new buildings and fare plan of the city. Bellamy rids it drag throughly of pollution and dirt, which he saw as ?Golgotha9, and one of the biggest problems of the 19th Century. ?I really think that the complete absence of chimneys and their good deal is what really impress me. (page 57) West cant get over the change at runner; his amazement is complete. rather of ?private luxury, the money is spent on keeping th! e city tidy and wakeful which West translates into ? satisfying prosperity. This utopia is the ?millennial city of God10 religion being central to Bellamys ethos. The 19th Century gives way to a new dawning with all-inclusive streets and brand new houses in which there is hope and re-birth. There the main debate ends. Which is it to be? Is Looking Backward a conservative novel or a complete break and a new start? To me its not a fiber of one or the other, but a mixture. My conclusion is this: despite all his good intentions, Bellamy remains severely fixed in the 19th Century with his policys for women only cause vastr segregation betwixt men and women and laissez faire frowned upon. However, there are many businesslike reform issues here from the abolishment of class to the redesign of the city. define what you will of this book, but its complex nature means there is no single conclusion; Looking Backward concentrates on both conservatism and reform issues. Looking Backwa rd is a utopian novel describing a completely different world to that of Bellamys day. However, its not that different to the 19th Century, with attitudes to women basically the same. To counteract that, there is no notion of class, with everybody having the same opportunities. Therefore there is a mixture of reform and conservatism in this novel. So reform jostles with conservatism and despite the changes, things havent changed that much. Looking Backward is a conservative novel with the beliefs and values system modelled on Bellamys strict, Calvinist views. In Bellamys 2000 womens roles havent changed much. The main role of Edith and Mrs Leete is to look after Julian West that is almost all. Edith is the one who does the shopping another very stereotyped task. The roles of men and women are segregated, so it seems; ?Beneath the surface¦ lies the sexual segregation of separate and unequal womens lives.1 In fact, women are not considered as intellectual despite the fact that they d o also receive an education. Edith and Mrs Leete are ! never involved in highbrow debates and retire from the room before Mr West and Dr Leete start to discuss things. Ediths principal job is to attend to Mr West claiming ?I would do anything to help you that I could. Thats almost all she seems to do, showing Mr West around New Boston or showing him how to do things. None of the men in the novel do any womens jobs; its still the women who care for their father or husband. Its only Dr. Leete who discusses the new Year 2000 with Mr West and so in these slipway the novel is really conservative. ?They are icons for mens inspiration, flagellants for masculine ambition and prizes2 for the most successful men. Fundamentally, women still arent taken seriously in this new Boston despite all Dr Leetes talk of a new status for women. It could be said from reading the novel thoroughly that women are only interested in jobs fit a woman. Its true that the most prestigious jobs in the province are men-only. So 19th Century America shows through w ith a still very sexist viewpoint. Indeed on pg. 185 Dr Leete says that men ?only permit them to work at all because it is fully understood that a certain regular requirement of labour¦ is well for body and mind. This is another good example of Bellamy being traditional, and this is typical of the general 19thC view of women. Men dont do womens jobs, like shopping, either. Thats Ediths job and a very sexist set up giving a strong sense of division amidst men and women. Dr Leete remarks that ?the sexes now meet with the ease of equals. but this is highly debatable. Edith only ever seems to be at home despite being of ?working age. Either that, or doing things a woman would do in the 19thC. There are very strict rules for Bellamys Utopia that go for everybody, not just women. There is no such thing as an individual or being different; everybody has to be the same, no two ways about it. This society is very conservative, as it is a highly Christian one, not allowing for any vari ation in life. Everybody leads a modest, unvarying li! fe and framework possessions are not prized. In other words, any deviation is frowned upon and even occasionally heavily punished. As people live modestly they lead a model Christian life. Indeed a few comparisons can be to 19th Century America, seeing as Bellamy only had the society he could see and his upbringing to go on. His up-bringing especially was a big influence as well as the German law system which he had studied when visiting his cousin in Germany.2 That is, it could be said, why the book is very rule-bound and conservative ? there doesnt appear to be much survival- you get what youre disposed(p) and thats that. Yet, at the same time Bellamy contradicts himself by giving a feeling of isolationism that is pointed out by M. Abrash; he makes the point that Julian West is told a lot about this new society but shown very little.
3 In fact, we barely meet any other people in the Boston of 2000 than the Leetes and the example given by Abrash is that of the ?telephone transmission system which refutes a supposedly ?collectivist society4. But its not only the rules that make it conservative its the values, beliefs and morals of this 2000. Theyre very conservative indeed where everybody is religious and their views are very hide-bound. Indeed, all citizens feel its their duty to work and service ?is regarded as so dead natural. (pg. 69) Again, theres no deviation, no alternative choice ? you get what youre given once more. ?Bellamy epitomises the subsumption of individuals to the machine meaning that no matter of choice the individual is sucked into this party machine of the ?industrial army.5 However, despite its conservatism Looking Backward does contain a l ot of reform agendas such as the workforce and the ed! ucation system, which are very different and give opportunities to all. This Utopian society reflects a lot of Communist ideals with everybody working for ?the industrial army (pg. 124) and getting the same back in return. There does seem to be more reform but the conservatism is quite obscured, so therefore less noticeable. Looking Backwards 2000 is radically different from the ?Gilded Age in its look, views on life and money. The people are different and through technology Bellamy has tried to create a classless society and by and large, hes succeeded by eradicating poverty, by introducing a government-run credit final cause where everybody has the same amount of money. One of the most important issues in this novel is class or moreover, lack of class. Bellamys 2000 is one hearty class which is predominantly white and middle-class with a tradition of eating out and having things done for you. There are no signs of upper class conduct as Edith Leete is the one who does the shopp ing and there are no servants as such. This novel proposed ?an Eden-like community of interests in which war, hunger And malice were engineered out of society6 where all legitimate the same level of education, employment and food. In this way, Utopia is fulfilled, but theres more to the novel than that. Bellamy aimed in this novel to rectify, at least fictionally, the problems he saw in the Chicopee Falls, the town where he grew up. For the early part of his life he grew amongst social strife and this deeply bear on him and heavily influenced his writing. There is class equality throughout the book and no suffering. A classless society is allowed by the introduction of a credit system, a little like our online credit card system. As there is no longer a need for money, people are left deficient for nothing as theyre amply provided for by a national, government-run bank. You could say this was a main feature in the book that would create a perfect society ? in fact ? genuine pr osperity (pg. 57) is one of the first things Julian W! est notices once he wakes up. One of the most noticeable things about this book is that the only thing a person need be is world to receive credit or ?that he is a man. As a solution to political governmental corruption Bellamy essentially abolishes most forms of government replacing it the industrial army. ?That there is absolutely no way in which an official¦ could possibly make any profit for himself or anyone else by misuse of his power. (page 68) This is a massive change in Bellamys 2000 and one of his more principal ideas. Removal of a political government was another way to remove competition which Bellamy despised.7 Politicians and political parties were, according to Bellamy, corrupt and demagogic. basically part of societys problems. Instead a subtler, fairer form of government was countersink in place represented by the ?industrial army. This utopia make it so that there was no need for any corruption by the introduction of the credit system. Not only did everybody re ceive equal credit, but all credit was controlled by a central, national bank run the nation. First of all, all things capitalist were abolished in order to make way for more collective (bordering on Communist) ideals and ways of working. Still, the Boston of 2000 had a distinctly slope feel to it. Henry Adams called the Gilded Age ?one dirty cesspool of vulgar corruption8 and this is what this 2000 wasnt going to be. The nation itself is rich, so the quality of life is much better since everybody has an equal share. It ?does not regard the people to deprive themselves of any good thing. (pg. 85) Simultaneously spendthrifts are catered for by receiving their allowance monthly or weekly instead of yearly. Theres also no such thing as a foreign exchange seeing as credit is international and works like a credit card today. Not to mention ?¦there is nothing at all say to you idea of wages (pg. 87) From this quotation it can be seen that the monetary system is totally different. Another thing that provides equality is the availabil! ity of jobs of which theres abundance. No job is worse than another one. For instance waiting is no longer seen as a low job, it wasnt ?in the slightest degree embarrassing. (pg. 124) But everybody has a job and nobody escapes until 45. Here, introduced, is the idea of ?an industrial army. All workmen must start at the bottom and then work their way up. ?All are considered, even the poorest workers ?should be able to cherish the ambition of rising. (pg. 107) and be happy at least. Another radical change in this book is the role of women. No longer just housewives but fully operating(a) members of society; they work and earn almost just as equally as men. Bellamy saw that women were suffering in the 19th C so he corrected that in a way he saw fit. ?Our women, as well as men, are members of the industrial army (pg. 184) and indeed they were included in every single way. The reform carries on with women having more freedom of choice in what they do. They dont have to stay at home and only when they have a baby do they leave their jobs. This a much fairer way of life and works out very well. Not only that but women or girls were able to use up their lovers for reasons other than money. ?There are nothing but love matches¦ (pg. 191) this was one of the more striking things in the book, not to mention a complete break from 19th Century standards. lastly perhaps one of the most striking features of the new Boston is the new buildings and complete redesign of the city. Bellamy rids it completely of pollution and dirt, which he saw as ?Golgotha9, and one of the biggest problems of the 19th Century. ?I really think that the complete absence of chimneys and their smoke is what really impress me. (page 57) West cant get over the change at first; his amazement is complete. Instead of ?private luxury, the money is spent on keeping the city tidy and clean which West translates into ?material prosperity. This utopia is the ?millennial city of God10 religion being centr al to Bellamys ethos. The 19th Century gives way to a! new dawning with wide streets and brand new houses in which there is hope and re-birth. There the main debate ends. Which is it to be? Is Looking Backward a conservative novel or a complete break and a new start? To me its not a case of one or the other, but a mixture. My conclusion is this: despite all his good intentions, Bellamy remains firmly fixed in the 19th Century with his policys for women only causing wider segregation between men and women and individuality frowned upon. However, there are many earnest reform issues here from the abolishment of class to the redesign of the city. substantiate what you will of this book, but its complex nature means there is no single conclusion; Looking Backward concentrates on both conservatism and reform issues. If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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